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You can admit to this center with a primary substance use disorder or a primary mental health condition. You'll receive support each step of the way and individualized care catered to your unique situation and diagnosis.
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Outpatient
Outpatient
Primary Level of Care
Outpatient treatment offers flexible therapeutic and medical care without the need to stay overnight in a hospital or inpatient facility. Some centers off intensive outpatient program (IOP), which falls between inpatient care and traditional outpatient service.
Recovery.com has connected directly with this treatment provider to validate the information in their profile.
Substance Use and Mental Health
Substance Use and Mental Health
Treatment Focus
You can admit to this center with a primary substance use disorder or a primary mental health condition. You'll receive support each step of the way and individualized care catered to your unique situation and diagnosis.
Outpatient
Outpatient
Primary Level of Care
Outpatient treatment offers flexible therapeutic and medical care without the need to stay overnight in a hospital or inpatient facility. Some centers off intensive outpatient program (IOP), which falls between inpatient care and traditional outpatient service.
This outpatient clinic in North Reading, Massachusetts provides outpatient care with several program options including a day treatment program (PHP), an intensive outpatient program (IOP), and a general outpatient program. Meta Addiction Treatment’s top priority is to provide clients with quality care and effective treatment. They employ Masters-level clinicians who utilize individualized treatment plans and evidence-based therapies including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Other therapeutic methods include nutrition counseling, 12-Step programming, life skills training, family therapy, and peer support. Meta Addiction Treatment can also provide therapeutic services to address co-occurring mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. They provide ongoing aftercare support to help clients stay on the right track after treatment. They are accredited by the Joint Commission and accept several major insurance providers.
AT A GLANCE
Center Overview
Location
55 Concord Street, North Reading, MA 01864 View Map
Primary Focus
You can admit to this center with a primary substance use disorder or a ...
Treatment Focus
You can admit to this center with a primary substance use disorder or a primary mental health condition. You'll receive support each step of the way and individualized care catered to your unique situation and diagnosis.
Accreditation
Joint Commission
Joint Commission Accredited
The Joint Commission accreditation is a voluntary, objective process that evaluates and accredits healthcare organizations (like treatment centers) based on performance standards designed to improve quality and safety for patients.
To be accredited means the treatment center has been found to meet the Commission's standards for quality and safety in patient care.
Typical Program Length
2-4 weeks
Conditions We Treat
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, Depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) +2 More
Substance Use We Treat
Cocaine, Prescription Drugs, Benzodiazepines, Ecstasy +9 More
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) is an evidence-based approach that pairs FDA-approved medications with counseling to treat addiction. The medications are used to reduce cravings, ease withdrawal symptoms, or block the effects of substances. More about MAT
Methadone
(Dolophine®, Methadose®)
Reduces opioid cravings
Not Available
Methadone
Methadone
Common Brand Names
Dolophine®, Methadose®
About this Medication
Methadone is a full opioid agonist, meaning it activates opioid receptors in the brain to produce effects like pain relief and euphoria. It is longer acting than many other opioids, making it useful in medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder.
How It Works
It reduces withdrawal symptoms and cravings by occupying opioid receptors without causing intense highs. Because it is a full agonist, it must be used carefully to avoid overdose, but it is highly effective when taken as prescribed within a structured program.
Common Side Effects
Summary
Methadone can cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, constipation, sweating, and mood changes. In rare cases, it may lead to serious issues like slowed breathing or heart problems, so it should be used exactly as prescribed.
Physical Side Effects
Drowsiness or sedation
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Nausea or vomiting
Constipation
Sweating
Dry mouth
Itching or rash
Mental/Emotional Effects
Mood changes (e.g., feeling unusually anxious, depressed, or euphoric)
Confusion or difficulty concentrating
Serious (Less Common) Side Effects – Seek Medical Attention
Slowed or difficult breathing
Irregular heartbeat
Fainting or severe dizziness
Swelling of the face, lips, or throat (possible allergic reaction)
Hallucinations
Important Note
Because methadone is a full opioid agonist, it carries a risk of overdose, especially when taken with other depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines. It should always be taken exactly as prescribed.
Naltrexone
(Vivitrol®, Revia®)
Blocks opioid effects
Available
Naltrexone
Naltrexone
Common Brand Names
Vivitrol®, Revia®
About this Medication
Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist, meaning it blocks opioid receptors in the brain and prevents opioids from producing effects like euphoria or sedation. It is used to treat both opioid and alcohol use disorders, but does not cause physical dependence or withdrawal.
How It Works
It helps reduce cravings and the rewarding effects of opioids or alcohol, supporting long-term recovery. Because it blocks opioid effects, it should only be started after a person has fully detoxed from opioids to avoid triggering withdrawal.
Common Side Effects
Summary
Nausea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, anxiety, trouble sleeping, joint or muscle pain, and in injectable form (Vivitrol®), injection site reactions such as swelling or redness.
Vivitrol® – Injectable Form
Injection site pain, redness, swelling, or itching
Nausea
Headache
Fatigue or low energy
Anxiety
Muscle or joint pain
Insomnia
Cold symptoms (e.g., runny nose, sore throat)
Revia – Oral Tablet Form
Dizziness
Anxiety or nervousness
Fatigue
Sleep disturbances (insomnia or vivid dreams)
Abdominal pain or cramps
Joint or muscle pain
Buprenorphine
(Suboxone®, Subutex®, Sublocade®, Zubsolv®)
Eases opioid withdrawal
Not Available
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine
Common Brand Names
Suboxone®, Subutex®, Sublocade®, Zubsolv®
About this Medication
Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist used to treat opioid use disorder. It activates opioid receptors to reduce cravings and withdrawal but has a ceiling effect, meaning it produces less euphoria and respiratory depression than full opioids.
How It Works
Buprenorphine binds tightly to opioid receptors, blocking other opioids from attaching and reducing the risk of misuse. It's often combined with naloxone (as in Suboxone®) to discourage injection misuse and is available in daily or monthly forms.
Common Side Effects
Summary
Headache, nausea, constipation, sweating, insomnia, irritability, dizziness, and mouth numbness (for sublingual forms). Less common but serious risks include respiratory depression, especially when mixed with other sedatives.
Injection site pain, swelling, or redness (from injectable form)
Nausea
Fatigue
Increased liver enzymes (may show up on lab tests)
Sleep disturbances
Disulfiram
(Antabuse®)
Creates reaction to alcohol
Not Available
Disulfiram
Disulfiram
Common Brand Names
Antabuse®
About this Medication
Disulfiram is used to support recovery from alcohol use disorder by causing unpleasant physical reactions when alcohol is consumed. It does not reduce cravings but works as a behavioral deterrent to prevent drinking.
How It Works
Disulfiram blocks the enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the body. If alcohol is consumed, it leads to a rapid buildup of acetaldehyde, causing flushing, nausea, headache, chest pain, and vomiting—often within minutes.
Common Side Effects
Summary
Drowsiness, metallic or garlic-like aftertaste, skin rash, headache, and acne. Drinking alcohol while on disulfiram can cause severe reactions such as chest pain, low blood pressure, shortness of breath, and vomiting.
Disulfiram (Antabuse® – Oral Tablet)
Without Alcohol Consumption
Drowsiness or fatigue
Metallic or garlic-like taste
Headache
Skin rash or acne
Nerve pain (tingling or numbness in hands/feet)
Liver function changes (requires monitoring)
If Alcohol Is Consumed While Taking Disulfiram
Flushing
Nausea and vomiting
Chest pain
Rapid heartbeat
Low blood pressure
Shortness of breath
Severe headache
Dizziness or fainting
These effects can begin within 10–30 minutes of alcohol consumption and may last for hours.
Naltrexone
(Vivitrol®, Revia®)
Reduces desire to drink.
Available
Naltrexone
Naltrexone
Common Brand Names
Vivitrol®, Revia®
About this Medication
Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist, meaning it blocks opioid receptors in the brain and prevents opioids from producing effects like euphoria or sedation. It is used to treat both opioid and alcohol use disorders, but does not cause physical dependence or withdrawal.
How It Works
It helps reduce cravings and the rewarding effects of opioids or alcohol, supporting long-term recovery. Because it blocks opioid effects, it should only be started after a person has fully detoxed from opioids to avoid triggering withdrawal.
Common Side Effects
Summary
Nausea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, anxiety, trouble sleeping, joint or muscle pain, and in injectable form (Vivitrol®), injection site reactions such as swelling or redness.
Vivitrol® – Injectable Form
Injection site pain, redness, swelling, or itching
Nausea
Headache
Fatigue or low energy
Anxiety
Muscle or joint pain
Insomnia
Cold symptoms (e.g., runny nose, sore throat)
Revia – Oral Tablet Form
Dizziness
Anxiety or nervousness
Fatigue
Sleep disturbances (insomnia or vivid dreams)
Abdominal pain or cramps
Joint or muscle pain
Acamprosate
(Campral®)
Reduces alcohol cravings
Not Available
Acamprosate
Acamprosate
Common Brand Names
Campral®
About this Medication
Acamprosate is used to support recovery from alcohol use disorder by helping to restore brain activity disrupted by long-term alcohol use. It is non-addictive and does not cause withdrawal or euphoria.
How It Works
Acamprosate stabilizes chemical signaling in the brain, especially glutamate and GABA systems, which are often out of balance in people recovering from alcohol use. It helps reduce cravings and the urge to drink, especially when used consistently alongside counseling.
Common Side Effects
Summary
Diarrhea, nausea, gas, upset stomach, headache, anxiety, and difficulty sleeping. It does not cause adverse reactions if alcohol is consumed, but it is most effective when used after detox and in combination with ongoing support.
Acamprosate (Campral® – Oral Tablet)
Diarrhea
Nausea
Gas or bloating
Upset stomach
Headache
Dry mouth
Dizziness
Anxiety or depression
Insomnia (trouble sleeping)
Muscle or joint pain
Itching or rash
Acamprosate does not cause adverse effects if alcohol is consumed, but it works best after alcohol detox and when used with therapy or support.
Nicotine Patch
(NicoDerm, Nicorette)
Reduces desire to smoke.
Not Available
Nicotine Patch
Nicotine Patch
Common Brand Names
NicoDerm, Nicorette
About this Medication
NicoDerm is a nicotine replacement patch that releases small, tapered amounts of nicotine throughout the day. Nicorette works the same way, but in the form of a pill or lozenge. Both NicoDerm and Nicorette come in various doses so you can gradually lower your nicotine intake.
How It Works
NicoDerm and Nicorette allow small amounts of nicotine into the body, which can reduce cravings and the desire to smoke a cigarette, or vape. Reduced cravings and improved comfort during withdrawal can both lower the desire to smoke.
Common Side Effects
Skin irritation if using a NicoDerm patch
Dizziness
Headaches
Nausea
Mouth irritation if using Nicorette lozenges
Stomach pain
Non-Nicotine Replacement
(Zyban, Wellbutrin, Pamelor)
Reduces tobacco cravings.
Not Available
Non-Nicotine Replacement
Non-Nicotine Replacement
Common Brand Names
Zyban, Wellbutrin, Pamelor
About this Medication
Zyban, Wellbutrin, and Pamelor can all help with tobacco cravings. Zyban has the same active ingredient as Wellbutrin, bupropion, but is used specifically for tobacco cravings. Wellbutrin can address mood conditions and tobacco cravings. Pamelor is a tricyclic antidepressant, but has off-label use for tobacco cravings. Zyban and Wellbutrin shouldn’t be used at the same time; a psychiatrist will monitor dosing and manage potential side effects and drug interactions.
How It Works
Zyban, Wellbutrin, and Pamelor all affect various neurotransmitter levels inside the brain (specifically, dopamine and norepinephrine), which can reduce tobacco cravings and ease withdrawal symptoms. These medications can be used alongside other smoking cessation tactics, like nicotine patches.
Common Side Effects
Zyban
Dry mouth
Dizziness
Insomnia
Wellbutrin
Blurred vision
Weight loss
Pamelor
Constipation
This center accepts patients receiving MAT prescribed elsewhere for opioid use disorder, but does not provide MAT.
Note: Treatment centers offer different forms of MAT—such as oral tablets, dissolvable films, or monthly injections—and their policies can vary based on state regulations, provider preferences, and insurance coverage. Because of these differences, it's best to contact the center directly to learn what options are available and what might be right for your situation.
Center pricing can vary based on program and length of stay. Contact the center for more information. Recovery.com strives for price transparency so you can make an informed decision.
If you are not using insurance, the pricing listed below is an estimate of the cash pay rate.
Substance use and mental health issues can occur simultaneously or as primary conditions. Effective treatment explores how mental health conditions contribute to addiction, and vice-versa. Many rehabs treat substance use disorders and mental health conditions with personalized care plans.
Detox
Not Offered at This Center
Typically the initial stage of treatment for substance use, focusing on medically supervised management of withdrawal symptoms.
Residential
Not Offered at This Center
Residential programs for substance use and mental health with structured care and 24/7 monitoring. Treatment takes place on-site, with behavioral health professionals often providing care in group, individual, and family settings.
Sober Living
Not Offered at This Center
Transitional housing designed to support individuals recovering from substance use disorders offering a safe, supportive and structured environment for practicing long-term sobriety, while reintegrating back into daily living.
Day Treatment
In a PHP, patients live at home but follow an intensive schedule of treatment. Most programs require you to be on-site for about 40 hours per week.
Intensive Outpatient Program
An intensive outpatient program (IOP) falls between inpatient care and traditional outpatient services, with therapy and skills-building activities designed to support recovery and provide flexibility. IOP is ideal for those needing support but not the 24/7 care of a residential facility.
Outpatient
Outpatient treatment offers flexible therapeutic and medical care without the need to stay overnight in a hospital or inpatient facility. Outpatient care typically offers a range of therapies and medical interventions individuals can attend alongside daily life.
Virtual & In-Home Care
Not Offered at This Center
The delivery of therapeutic services utilizing technology such as video conferencing, online messaging or phone calls, allowing for flexibility, comfort and increased access to care.
Co-Occurring Disorders
Substance use and mental health can occur simultaneously as co-occurring disorders. Treatment for co-occurring disorders involves therapy and other personalized interventions to address both conditions.
Treatment
Specializations
Co-Occurring Disorders
Co-Occurring Disorders
Co-Occurring Disorders
A person with multiple mental health diagnoses, such as addiction and depression, has co-occurring disorders also called dual diagnosis.
Drug Addiction
Drug Addiction
Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is the excessive and repetitive use of substances, despite harmful consequences to a person's life, health, and relationships.
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Using alcohol as a coping mechanism, or drinking excessively throughout the week, signals an alcohol use disorder.
Who We Treat
Men and Women
Men and Women
Men and Women
Men and women attend treatment for addiction in a co-ed setting, going to therapy groups together to share experiences, struggles, and successes.
Men
Women
Approaches
Twelve Step
Twelve Step
Twelve Step
Incorporating spirituality, community, and responsibility, 12-Step philosophies prioritize the guidance of a Higher Power and a continuation of 12-Step practices.
Evidence-Based
Evidence-Based
Evidence-Based
A combination of scientifically rooted therapies and treatments make up evidence-based care, defined by their measured and proven results.
Individual Treatment
Individual Treatment
Individual Treatment
Individual care meets the needs of each patient, using personalized treatment to provide them the most relevant care and greatest chance of success.
Therapies
Group Therapy
1-on-1 Counseling
1-on-1 Counseling
1-on-1 Counseling
Patient and therapist meet 1-on-1 to work through difficult emotions and behavioral challenges in a personal, private setting.
Family Therapy
Family Therapy
Family Therapy
Family therapy addresses group dynamics within a family system, with a focus on improving communication and interrupting unhealthy relationship patterns.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Twelve Step Facilitation
Twelve Step Facilitation
Twelve Step Facilitation
12-Step groups offer a framework for addiction recovery. Members commit to a higher power, recognize their issues, and support each other in the healing process.
Psychoeducation
Psychoeducation
Psychoeducation
This method combines treatment with education, teaching patients about different paths toward recovery. This empowers them to make more effective decisions.
Nutrition Counseling
Nutrition Counseling
Nutrition Counseling
Nutritious food helps patients heal from within, setting them up for mental and bodily wellness as they learn about healthy eating.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Life Skills
Life Skills
Life Skills
Teaching life skills like cooking, cleaning, clear communication, and even basic math provides a strong foundation for continued recovery.
Medication-Assisted Treatment
Medication-Assisted Treatment
Medication-Assisted Treatment
Combined with behavioral therapy, prescribed medications can enhance treatment by relieving withdrawal symptoms and focus patients on their recovery.
Conditions We Treat
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD is a long-term mental health issue caused by a disturbing event or events. Symptoms include anxiety, dissociation, flashbacks, and intrusive thoughts.
Anxiety
Anxiety
Anxiety
Anxiety is a common mental health condition that can include excessive worry, panic attacks, physical tension, and increased blood pressure.
Depression
Depression
Depression
Symptoms of depression may include fatigue, a sense of numbness, and loss of interest in activities. This condition can range from mild to severe.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
OCD is characterized by intrusive and distressing thoughts that drive repetitive behaviors. This pattern disrupts daily life and relationships.
Bipolar
Bipolar
Bipolar
This mental health condition is characterized by extreme mood swings between depression, mania, and remission.
ADHD, ADD
ADHD, ADD
ADHD, ADD
ADHD is a common mental health condition caused by dopamine imbalance. Common symptoms include inattention, hyperactivitiy, and impulsivity.
Substances We Treat
Cocaine
Cocaine
Cocaine
Cocaine is a stimulant with euphoric effects. Agitation, muscle ticks, psychosis, and heart issues are common symptoms of cocaine abuse.
Prescription Drugs
Prescription Drugs
Prescription Drugs
It's possible to abuse any drug, even prescribed ones. If you crave a medication, or regularly take it more than directed, you may have an addiction.
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are prescribed to treat anxiety and sleep issues. They are highly habit forming, and their abuse can cause mood changes and poor judgement.
Ecstasy
Ecstasy
Ecstasy
Ecstasy is a stimulant that causes intense euphoria and heightened awareness. Abuse of this drug can trigger depression, insomnia, and memory problems.
Co-Occurring Disorders
Co-Occurring Disorders
Co-Occurring Disorders
A person with multiple mental health diagnoses, such as addiction and depression, has co-occurring disorders also called dual diagnosis.
Psychedelics
Psychedelics
Psychedelics
Hallucinogenic drugs—like LSD—cause euphoria and increased sensory experiences. When abused, they can lead to depression and psychosis.
Marijuana
Drug Addiction
Drug Addiction
Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is the excessive and repetitive use of substances, despite harmful consequences to a person's life, health, and relationships.
Heroin
Heroin
Heroin
Heroin is a highly addictive and illegal opioid. It can cause insomnia, collapsed veins, heart issues, and additional mental health issues.
Synthetic Drugs
Synthetic Drugs
Synthetic Drugs
Synthetic drugs are made in a lab, unlike plant-based drugs like mushrooms. Most synthetic drugs are either stimulants or synthetic cannabinoids.
Aftercare
Follow-up Sessions (in-person)
Experience
Special Considerations
Center Pets
Center Pets
Center Pets
Addiction and mental health facilities with pets allow patients to interact with friendly dogs, cats, horses, and in some cases, even dolphins.
Opioids are drugs such as heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, and fentanyl. They can be legal prescription medications or illegal substances. Opioids relieve pain by mimicking endorphins and enkephalins and interacting with opioid receptors in the brain and body. These interactions can depress the central nervous system, inhibit pain signals, and alter perception.
Opioids can effectively manage pain when used under professional guidance; however, because they activate the brain’s reward system, they reinforce the need to take more. This can cause an opioid addiction.
Effects of Opioids
In the short term, opioids produce euphoria and pain relief; however, they can also cause drowsiness, respiratory depression, nausea, dizziness, and skin irritation.
With prolonged use, opioids can cause impaired attention and memory, an increased sensitivity to pain, depression, and anxiety. Physically, they can cause respiratory problems, cardiovascular issues, and liver damage.
Risks of Opioids
Since opioids can be so addictive, it’s possible for users to accidentally ingest too much at once and overdose. Overdose occurs when an opioid’s depressant effects on the central nervous system cause life-threatening reactions. Overdoses usually include respiratory failure, where breathing becomes slow, shallow, or even stops completely. Without immediate medical intervention, an opioid overdose can be fatal.
If someone is overdosing, call 911 or your local emergency services number immediately. If you are qualified, administer CPR. Use Naloxone (Narcan) if available.
Detoxing from Opioids
Detox will rid your body of opioids and can be a great step towards recovery. Detox must be done under medical supervision to ensure safety.
Detox from opioids can last 4–20 days, depending on the opioid used. Quick-acting opioids like heroin typically have a shorter duration than long-acting opioids like fentanyl. Withdrawal symptoms usually appear in 8–12 hours after quitting. Symptoms include:
Nausea and vomiting
Anxiety
Insomnia
Hot and cold flashes
Sweating
Muscle cramps
Diarrhea
Detox can be abstinence-based or assisted with medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. These medications are opioid receptor antagonists, meaning they attach to and activate opioid receptors in the brain to ease withdrawal symptoms. They can be used long-term if necessary.
Questions to Ask Your Provider about Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)
If you are considering MAT for opioid recovery, it's important to have an open discussion with your healthcare provider to make informed decisions about your treatment plan. You can ask questions like:
What medications are available for opioid addiction?
What are the benefits and potential side effects of each medication?
How long should I plan to be on medication as part of my treatment?
Can the medications be addictive themselves, and how will you monitor and manage this aspect?
Are there any lifestyle changes I should make while on MAT?
Rehab for Opioids
After detox, you’ll begin therapy to get to the root of your addiction and learn coping skills to manage cravings. Some people with opioid addiction may need a more intensive level of care to help monitor and manage their symptoms. When talking to your doctor, consider discussing which level of care best fits your needs:
Outpatient (OP): You’ll live at home and meet 1-2x per week with your provider and others in treatment.
Intensive outpatient (IOP): You’ll meet 3-5x per week for several hours at a time for more intensive care.
Partial hospitalization (PHP): You’ll meet 5-7 times a week for a full day.
Residential: You’ll live in a rehab for 28+ days and engage in treatment with a comprehensive staff and a community of peers.
Inpatient: You’ll live in a treatment center or hospital-like setting and have 24/7 monitoring for your safety.
Managing opioid addiction can be a complex and individualized process. Working with a licensed professional who’s experienced in opioid addiction can help guide you through the healing process. They will provide you with appropriate tools, techniques, and support tailored to your specific needs. You may engage in talk therapies such as
Motivational interviewing explores the reasons why you want to recover and use that purpose to motivate change.
Can You Relapse on Opioids?
Yes, it is possible to relapse on opioids. If this happens, talk to your doctor and seek professional treatment. You may participate in programs that focus on relapse prevention planning along with skills-building and evidence-based therapies.
Relapse isn’t a failure, but rather an opportunity to find treatment that better fits your needs and keeps you on the path to sobriety.
Questions to Ask Your Provider
If you’re looking for opioid treatment, talk to your primary care doctor. They can refer you to a substance use rehab to start your recovery. When talking to your provider, consider asking these questions:
What are the benefits of the different types of treatment available? What are the risks?
Are there any specific medical or psychiatric assessments I should do before starting treatment?
What does relapse prevention planning look like?
Is there treatment that can address any co-occurring disorders that I have?
Opioids are drugs such as heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, and fentanyl. They can be legal prescription medications or illegal substances. Opioids relieve pain by mimicking endorphins and enkephalins and interacting with opioid receptors in the brain and body. These interactions can depress the central nervous system, inhibit pain signals, and alter perception.
Opioids can effectively manage pain when used under professional guidance; however, because they activate the brain’s reward system, they reinforce the need to take more. This can cause an opioid addiction.
Effects of Opioids
In the short term, opioids produce euphoria and pain relief; however, they can also cause drowsiness, respiratory depression, nausea, dizziness, and skin irritation.
With prolonged use, opioids can cause impaired attention and memory, an increased sensitivity to pain, depression, and anxiety. Physically, they can cause respiratory problems, cardiovascular issues, and liver damage.
Risks of Opioids
Since opioids can be so addictive, it’s possible for users to accidentally ingest too much at once and overdose. Overdose occurs when an opioid’s depressant effects on the central nervous system cause life-threatening reactions. Overdoses usually include respiratory failure, where breathing becomes slow, shallow, or even stops completely. Without immediate medical intervention, an opioid overdose can be fatal.
If someone is overdosing, call 911 or your local emergency services number immediately. If you are qualified, administer CPR. Use Naloxone (Narcan) if available.
Detoxing from Opioids
Detox will rid your body of opioids and can be a great step towards recovery. Detox must be done under medical supervision to ensure safety.
Detox from opioids can last 4–20 days, depending on the opioid used. Quick-acting opioids like heroin typically have a shorter duration than long-acting opioids like fentanyl. Withdrawal symptoms usually appear in 8–12 hours after quitting. Symptoms include:
Nausea and vomiting
Anxiety
Insomnia
Hot and cold flashes
Sweating
Muscle cramps
Diarrhea
Detox can be abstinence-based or assisted with medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. These medications are opioid receptor antagonists, meaning they attach to and activate opioid receptors in the brain to ease withdrawal symptoms. They can be used long-term if necessary.
Questions to Ask Your Provider about Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)
If you are considering MAT for opioid recovery, it's important to have an open discussion with your healthcare provider to make informed decisions about your treatment plan. You can ask questions like:
What medications are available for opioid addiction?
What are the benefits and potential side effects of each medication?
How long should I plan to be on medication as part of my treatment?
Can the medications be addictive themselves, and how will you monitor and manage this aspect?
Are there any lifestyle changes I should make while on MAT?
Rehab for Opioids
After detox, you’ll begin therapy to get to the root of your addiction and learn coping skills to manage cravings. Some people with opioid addiction may need a more intensive level of care to help monitor and manage their symptoms. When talking to your doctor, consider discussing which level of care best fits your needs:
Outpatient (OP): You’ll live at home and meet 1-2x per week with your provider and others in treatment.
Intensive outpatient (IOP): You’ll meet 3-5x per week for several hours at a time for more intensive care.
Partial hospitalization (PHP): You’ll meet 5-7 times a week for a full day.
Residential: You’ll live in a rehab for 28+ days and engage in treatment with a comprehensive staff and a community of peers.
Inpatient: You’ll live in a treatment center or hospital-like setting and have 24/7 monitoring for your safety.
Managing opioid addiction can be a complex and individualized process. Working with a licensed professional who’s experienced in opioid addiction can help guide you through the healing process. They will provide you with appropriate tools, techniques, and support tailored to your specific needs. You may engage in talk therapies such as
Motivational interviewing explores the reasons why you want to recover and use that purpose to motivate change.
Can You Relapse on Opioids?
Yes, it is possible to relapse on opioids. If this happens, talk to your doctor and seek professional treatment. You may participate in programs that focus on relapse prevention planning along with skills-building and evidence-based therapies.
Relapse isn’t a failure, but rather an opportunity to find treatment that better fits your needs and keeps you on the path to sobriety.
Questions to Ask Your Provider
If you’re looking for opioid treatment, talk to your primary care doctor. They can refer you to a substance use rehab to start your recovery. When talking to your provider, consider asking these questions:
What are the benefits of the different types of treatment available? What are the risks?
Are there any specific medical or psychiatric assessments I should do before starting treatment?
What does relapse prevention planning look like?
Is there treatment that can address any co-occurring disorders that I have?
As defined, \"Nicotine is the primary reinforcing component of tobacco\". It's what makes any tobacco product (cigarettes, vapes, snuff, and dip) addictive. You can smoke it, snort it, and chew it, but smoking (and inhaling the smoke) produces the most instant effects.
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Nicotine causes a \"high\" by stimulating the adrenal glands and producing a flood of adrenaline. It also activates reward pathways in your brain to reinforce use and provide pleasure.
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The ritual of smoking makes nicotine even more addictive. Just getting, lighting, and holding a cigarette can produce pleasure, especially if it accompanies an activity you already enjoy (like drinking coffee). It can be as hard to stop these rituals as it is smoking. But, it's more than possible to quit.
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Risks of Nicotine Addiction
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Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. The chemicals found in tobacco smoke can cause cancer and damage nearly every organ. Someone who smokes is twice as likely to die from cancer as a nonsmoker, and heavy smokers are 4 times as likely to die from cancer.
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Though smoking primarily causes lung cancer, the carcinogenic chemicals can cause cancer in the mouth, stomach, kidney, esophagus, and more. Secondhand smoke can cause cancer too. Even smokeless tobacco can cause cancer.
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Smoking can also cause diseases like chronic bronchitis and is the highest risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also increases your chances of heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and impaired immune function.
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Quitting smoking allows your body to repair the damage and improves your wellness (except for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; it's not reversible).
Outpatient, where you meet once or twice a week with others in treatment and your care provider.
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Intensive outpatient, where you meet 3-5 times a week for several hours for more intensive care.
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Partial hospitalization, where you meet 5-7 times a week for a full day or most of one.
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Residential, where you live in a rehab center for 28+ days and engage in treatment with a community of peers and treatment providers.
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Inpatient, where you live in a treatment center or hospital and receive 24/7 monitoring. This level of care is suited for those in acute medical or psychological distress.
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In each level of care, you'll likely receive 1-1 therapy with a therapist and group therapy. The exact type of therapies used will vary based on your symptoms, medical history, age, and more. But you can expect to engage in one or more types of evidence-based therapy throughout your treatment.
What Therapies Are Used to Treat Nicotine Addiction?
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): a form of psychotherapy that encourages you to challenge and change unhelpful thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It can help you identify triggers and the people and places that make you more likely to smoke.
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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): a short-term form of psychotherapy that helps you identify and address interpersonal issues that may contribute to your nicotine addiction.
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Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT): an approach that combines elements of CBT and mindfulness to help you become more aware of your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Mindfulness-Based Therapy: mindfulness-based therapy for nicotine addiction helps you notice the thoughts and emotions leading to cravings or triggers. You'll then learn to tolerate the emotions without using nicotine.
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Medication: Nicotine replacement therapy includes nicotine patches, gum, and suckers to make coming off nicotine more comfortable. For some, medications like bupropion and varenicline help with long-term abstinence too.
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Psychiatrists and therapists often use a combination of different therapies depending on the individual patient's needs and unique presentation of nicotine addiction. Psychiatrists may also prescribe medication as an adjunct to therapy. Ultimately, the goal of treatment is to help the patient to develop healthy coping skills and strategies to manage nicotine addiction.
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Medications for Nicotine Addiction
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Nicotine replacement therapy can help you wean off nicotine and stay abstinent. Patches, gum, or suckers with small amounts of nicotine can help you take less and less rather than stopping all at once. And, nicotine replacement therapies don't contain the many harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke. When used properly, you can experience less intense withdrawal symptoms and fewer cravings.
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Medications like bupropion and varenicline help decrease cravings and the pleasure from smoking, making relapses less likely.
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Finding the right fit may take time. Your prescriber may try different doses and medication classes before your symptoms abate. Depending on your situation and symptoms, you may take medications or use nicotine replacement therapy a few months or for a few years.
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When talking to your doctor about medications, keep these questions in mind:
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How long will it take for me to feel the medication's effects?
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Will this medication, or class of medications, interact with any supplements or other medications I'm taking?
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What time of day should I take this medication?
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Can I take this on an empty stomach or do I need to eat beforehand?
What will withdrawals look like if we decide to stop this medication and/or try another?
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Is It Possible to Experience a Relapse?
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Yes, you can relapse with nicotine. You can seek professional treatment to understand and treat the root causes of addiction to prevent future relapses. Most nicotine addiction treatment programs include relapse prevention planning, aftercare, and connections to additional resources, like support groups.
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A recurrence doesn't mean your treatment failed. It just means you need additional help to get back into healing.
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Can I Use The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) for Nicotine Addiction Treatment in The U.S.?
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If you've been clinically diagnosed with nicotine addiction, then you can receive Family and Medical Leave Act support. The FMLA ensures that you do not lose your job when taking necessary time (up to 12 weeks) off to heal from a serious health condition. This act also guarantees that you retain the same terms of employment that you originally had for your job.
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What's provided in your FMLA may vary and has requirements for eligibility. Talk with your Human Resources (HR) department at work or look online for more information on FMLAs.
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Questions to Ask Your Doctor
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Making an appointment with your primary care physician can be your first step into treatment. When you go, you can keep a few questions in mind to optimize your appointment and get the care you need.
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Do my symptoms align with having a nicotine addiction?
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What treatments do you recommend for nicotine addiction?
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What level of care do you think I need?
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Would you describe my addiction as severe?
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Based on how much I smoke and my symptoms, will quitting cause withdrawal symptoms?
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How should I manage withdrawal symptoms?
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Should I try nicotine replacement therapy? If so, which kind?
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Are there any support groups or online resources I could join to manage my addiction?
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Do I have any mental health conditions I should be aware of?
In most countries, nicotine addiction is common because it is legal and societally accepted. According to the World Health Organization, tobacco kills up to half its users. New and relevant research shows the health concerns smoking poses and how addictive smoking can be.
Signs that may reveal you have a smoking addiction include:
You smoke despite health conditions or sickness
You find it difficult to not smoke in places where smoking is prohibited
When and where smoking is prohibited, you use chewing tobacco or nicotine pouches instead
Despite your family or friends’ pleas, you are unable to quit smoking
You experience physical and emotional reactions when attempting to quit smoking (i.e., irritability, restlessness, anxiety, depression, headaches, weight gain, etc.)
Questions To Ask Your Doctor About Smoking Cessation
Talking to your primary care doctor can give you guidance on how to quit. Consider asking questions such as:
What are the benefits of quitting smoking?
What are the available smoking cessation aids (i.e. prescription medication, behavioral therapies, over-the-counter options, etc)?
What are withdrawal symptoms like?
How can I manage my symptoms?
What are the risks of vaping or e-cigarettes?
Quitting smoking is a significant step towards improving your overall health, and your healthcare provider can play a role in helping you succeed.
Strategies to Quit Smoking And Ways To Support Yourself
Smoking withdrawal symptoms are not physically dangerous to your health. Your cravings will likely come in waves, but they will fade out if you resist the urge.
There are many strategies that you can utilize to help you manage your withdrawal symptoms and quit smoking for good:
Distract yourself—replace your instinctive reflex to reach for a cigarette by actively choosing something else like going for a walk, working out, calling a friend or doing chores around the house.
Use over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapies—gum, patches or lozenges
Manage your stress
Stay busy
Limit your alcohol intake
Utilize relaxation techniques like yoga, mindfulness and breathwork to help relieve anxiety and stress
Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation
While quitting smoking can help your breath smell better and allow you to save money, one of the most important benefits are the health benefits. Some of these will be noticeable right away and some will improve your health over time, reducing your risk of serious disease.
Your blood pressure and heart rate drop within the first day of quitting.
You will see gradual changes in your teeth, gums and skin.
Your circulation improves within 1-12 months, and you can tolerate more exercise.
Your coughing and shortness of breath decrease, and your lungs can breathe clearly within 12 months.
Within 3-6 years, your risk of heart disease decreases to that of a non-smoker.
Your risk of certain cancers and stroke drops by 50% after 5-10 years.
Finding the right motivation, whether internal or external, to quit smoking is essential to real change. Everybody’s motivation differs from person to person, whether it’s the smoking bans at work or home, the high cost of cigarettes, or health concerns and pregnancy. Find what motivates you most and keep it at the forefront of your mind as you navigate triggers.
Resources for Smoking Cessation
In addition to over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapies, behavioral counseling through private therapy or outpatient programs can help garner motivation and change your mindset about quitting nicotine. The therapies used in these programs include:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can help teach you coping skills and relapse prevention techniques as you navigate the stressful moments where you would typically be tempted to reach for a cigarette.
Mindfulness can teach you to detach and observe your cravings and thoughts surrounding smoking. Being mindful of your emotions can help you reframe your thoughts and tolerate them more often.
If you’re struggling to quit smoking on your own or with the help of a therapist, you can attend outpatient or inpatient rehab where you will have the dedicated time and space to focus on yourself and your healing. Often, people who are addicted to smoking may also have co-occurring disorders that present their own unique challenges. Fortunately, there are many rehabs that can address and treat each condition.
That’s why, to truly give up something as seemingly trivial as smoking, rehabilitation may be required. Whether you attend a center in the United Kingdom, the United States, or even in a country as far away as Thailand, treatment providers can help you quit smoking and quit for good.
How To Help A Loved One With Smoking Cessation
Quitting smoking can be tough, but having support from a loved one can be crucial in their success. Some of the best ways to encourage your loved one as they quit smoking are:
Start a conversation about why they want to quit
Ask what you can do to help
Offer distractions by suggesting smoke-free activities
Recognize and celebrate their progress
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